Fabrication · Pretreatment · Electrostatic Powder Coating

Custom Sheet Metal Fabrication with Powder Coating

The coating is not the part you buy — the interface between fabrication and coating is. What the laser, the brake and the welder leave on the steel decides whether the finish survives; what the booth and the oven do decides whether it was ever cured. This page works through both, and through the drawing details that make the second one possible.

Powder-coated sheet metal parts: matte black welded enclosure with ventilation louvres, RAL 7035 control panel, graphite bent bracket with welded nut, two-tone cover and a slotted chassis rail

At a Glance

Coating methodElectrostatic powder
Film build60–120 µm
Maximum part2,000 × 1,000 mm
SubstratesCRS / GI / Aluminum
ColorRAL / Pantone to sample
Checks in houseDFT & adhesion
Quick Answer

A powder-coated sheet metal part is a fabrication decision that gets judged at the finish. Three things decide whether the coating survives: what the substrate was before it reached the booth, whether the film reached the specified build on the faces that function, and whether the part was cured to metal temperature rather than to a clock. Everything else in the specification is downstream of those three. RAL is a color reference, not a tolerance; a salt-spray hour count is a test result, not a service life.

Powder Coating Is Decided Before the Booth

Buyers usually ask whether a part can be powder coated, and the answer is almost always yes. The useful question is what arrives at the booth, because the finish inherits whatever the previous operations left on the surface, and no pretreatment line reliably removes all of it.

What fabrication leavesWhat it does to the finished coatingWhere it has to be solved
Weld spatter and weld spatter spikesPowder bridges over the spike and cures as a shell; the shell chips away and leaves a bare crater on a visible faceAt the weld: remove spatter before dressing, not after
Grinding gouges and coarse scratch patternsA 60–120 µm film follows the substrate rather than filling it, so every scratch prints through as a shadow lineAt deburr: agreed abrasive grade and a final pass in one direction
Laser dross and rolled burr on cut edgesThe film thins over a sharp edge and cracks there on impact, exposing steel at the most exposed point on the partAt deburr: an edge break on every cut edge that will be handled
Mill scale on hot-rolled steelPowder adheres to the scale, not to the steel; when the scale lifts, the coating leaves with itBefore pretreatment: blast or descale, decided at quotation
Cutting and forming lubricant, tapping fluidResidue survives a weak wash, sits under the phosphate, and produces blistering or patchy adhesionIn pretreatment: wash chemistry matched to the lubricant actually used
Weld porosity and pinholesTrapped air expands during cure and blows a crater through the filmAt the weld: porosity is a welding problem before it is a coating problem

That table is the argument for buying fabrication and coating from one supplier, and it is a better argument than convenience. Every row is a handover point where two suppliers can each be correct and the part still fails — the welder delivered a sound joint, the coater applied the specified film, and the scratch under the paint came from neither of them individually.

The cheapest moment to fix a finish problem is the drawing review. A 0.5 mm edge break, a note saying which faces are class-A, a note saying the weld on the front panel must be dressed flush — these cost nothing to add and are almost impossible to retrofit once the part is cut. A finish specification that only appears at the coating stage is a specification with no leverage.

The Ten-Step Route

The route below is the one used for coated sheet metal assemblies. The two steps most often missing from a project plan are step 4 and step 7, and both are where rework comes from.

  1. Nest and laser cut. Parts nested to the sheet, cut on a fiber laser. Kerf quality and dross are set here, and the edges produced here are the edges that will be coated.
  2. Bend. Press brake forming to drawing, with bend allowance set for the material and the gauge. A bend that is formed after coating is not an option, so any post-coat forming has to be designed out.
  3. Weld and dress. TIG, MIG or spot as specified, then spatter removal and dressing to the agreed level: a dressed-but-visible weld, a ground-flush weld, or a fully blended seam.
  4. Deburr and break edges. Every cut edge handled by a person gets a break. This is the step that decides whether the coating survives its first knock.
  5. Wash and degrease. Alkaline cleaning to remove drawing lubricant, tapping fluid and handling soil. The wash is matched to the lubricant, not to a generic detergent.
  6. Conversion coating. Phosphate or an equivalent pretreatment appropriate to the substrate, then rinse and dry. This is the layer that carries adhesion and slows corrosion creep under the film.
  7. Mask. Threads, bores, mating faces and grounding pads are plugged or taped to the masking schedule. A missed plug is a filled thread and a rework.
  8. Rack and spray. The part is hung on a grounded rack and coated electrostatically. The hook contact point becomes a bare spot, so its location is a design decision.
  9. Cure. The part is brought to the powder's cure temperature for the powder's cure time — metal temperature, not oven setting, and heavy sections take longer to get there.
  10. Unmask, inspect, assemble, pack. Plugs out, film thickness and appearance verified, hardware and sub-assembly fitted, and the part packed so the coating arrives intact.
Anything heat-sensitive goes on after step 9. Rubber seals, gaskets, cable glands, plastic lenses, labels and any pre-fitted electronic component cannot pass a cure oven, and most adhesives will not either. Press-fit hardware is the awkward case: fitted before coating, every thread needs plugging; fitted after coating, the insertion damages the film around the hole. Both are workable, but the choice has to be made at drawing stage because it changes the masking schedule and the assembly route.
Electrostatic powder spray gun applying a gray powder cloud to a steel enclosure panel hanging from a conveyor hook inside a spray booth
Step 8, mid-pass. The panel is grounded through the hook and the rack, which is what makes the charged powder wrap toward the back of the part. A part that has lost its ground — a hook with a cured film on it, a rack with a bad earth — coats poorly on the reverse faces and the operator compensates by spraying heavier, which then over-builds the front.

Pretreatment Follows the Substrate, Not the Powder

Pretreatment is the part of a coating specification that buyers specify least and argue about most. It is chosen by substrate and by the soil on the substrate, and the same powder over two different pretreatments gives two different coatings. On a coated part the pretreatment layer is typically a few micrometers thick and invisible, and it is the layer that carries almost all of the corrosion performance.

SubstratePretreatment that worksThe specific failure if it is skipped
Cold-rolled steel (CRS)Alkaline degrease, then an iron or zinc phosphate conversion coating, rinse and dryPowder over bare, oily CRS has adhesion but no under-film corrosion barrier; the film lifts from a scratch and takes the coating with it
Hot-rolled steel (HRS)Descale first — blasting or acid — then phosphate as aboveMill scale is not steel; the coating bonds to the scale and delaminates in sheets when the scale lifts
Galvanized steel (GI)Degrease plus a pretreatment suited to a zinc surface; cure schedule adjusted for the zincZinc reacts and can outgas under a heavy film, giving pinholes and blisters; a generic phosphate over zinc is unreliable
Aluminum 5052 / 6061Degrease, remove the natural oxide, apply a chromate-free conversion coatingEntrapped air and moisture in the surface expand at cure temperature and blow small craters through the film; thicker and cast material needs a de-gas bake before coating
Stainless steel 304 / 316Mechanical key from blasting or an abrasion pass, plus a pretreatment suited to a passive surface; agreed as a project pairing, not assumedThe passive surface is smooth, chemically stable and gives the powder little to grip; adhesion is the risk rather than corrosion

Two of the rows above are worth more than a line each. On cold-rolled steel the choice between iron phosphate and zinc phosphate is a real one: zinc phosphate grows a heavier crystalline layer and gives more corrosion resistance at more cost and a longer line, iron phosphate is thinner, faster and adequate for a part that will live indoors. Which one a part gets should depend on where the part is going, and it is a question a coater can answer in one sentence if the buyer has stated the environment.

On stainless, the honest position is narrower than most supplier pages imply. Powder coating stainless is possible and is done, but the pairing has to be proven: the surface needs a mechanical key, and the adhesion has to be verified on a sample rather than assumed from the fact that the same powder works on steel. Where a project needs it, we treat it as a new pairing and run a trial.

A pairing that has not been run before is a project, not a quotation line item. New substrate and finish combinations are trialled on sample parts before production: it adds days to the schedule and it can require a sample approval loop. Telling us the substrate and the environment at RFQ is what turns that into a planned step rather than a surprise after the parts are cut.
Bent and welded steel bracket before powder coating with silicone plugs in threaded holes, amber high-temperature tape over a contact pad and a taped threaded stud
Step 7, on the bench. Four threaded holes plugged, one flat pad taped, one bore capped and a stud wrapped. Every one of these is a decision that had to be made from the drawing: which features must stay bare metal, which can be re-tapped afterwards, and where the hook will be allowed to leave a mark.

Writing a Spec That Can Be Inspected

Most powder coating disputes are not about workmanship. They are about a specification that could not be measured, so two reasonable people read the same words and expected different parts. Eight fields close that gap, and each one has a form that can be checked.

FieldWhat to writeHow it becomes checkable
Powder chemistryEpoxy, polyester, epoxy-polyester hybrid or another named systemNamed on the coating record, with the supplier's technical data sheet on file
ColorA RAL or Pantone reference plus an approved physical standardColor is judged against the retained panel, not against a code, because the same code from two powder lots is not identical
GlossA level in gloss units at an agreed angle — commonly 60°, with 85° used for matte finishesA gloss meter reading, measured on the same face and angle as the standard
TextureSmooth, fine texture or coarse texture, referenced to a sampleVisual comparison against the retained panel; texture cannot be measured in a single number
Film buildA range in micrometers, with the measurement location statedGauge readings on flat faces away from edges, reported as a set rather than as one figure
PretreatmentThe class of pretreatment, by substrateProcess record per batch; visible as adhesion and corrosion performance rather than as a dimension
MaskingA marked-up drawing showing every feature that must stay bareChecked at masking, and again at final inspection, against the same marked-up drawing
AcceptanceWhich tests apply, on which faces, with pass criteriaOnly the tests actually listed are performed; unlisted tests are not implied by the finish name

"Powder coated, RAL 7016, 60–120 µm" covers three of those eight fields and leaves five open. It is a perfectly normal line on a drawing and it is also the exact line that produces an argument about a part nobody has made wrong.

Film Build: What 60–120 µm Means, and Where It Is Measured

A film thickness range without a measurement location is not a specification, because the film is not uniform across a part. Electrostatic deposition is driven by the field between the gun and the grounded part, and that field concentrates at edges, corners and the outside of a form, while it collapses inside recesses and behind features. The practical results are predictable:

  • Edges and corners build heavier than flat faces — often well above the top of the range, because the field lines converge there and the powder is drawn to them.
  • Recesses, inside corners and the far side of a flange build lighter, sometimes below the bottom of the range, for the opposite reason.
  • The hook contact point builds to zero, deliberately, because the rack has to make electrical contact with bare metal.

So the useful instruction is not "60–120 µm" but "60–120 µm measured on flat faces not less than 10 mm from an edge, five readings per face, reported as minimum, maximum and mean." That is a spec an inspector can execute and a buyer can audit, and it is compatible with a coating system whose non-destructive measurement method follows ASTM D7091 for dry film thickness on metal substrates.

Too thin
The film loses hiding and barrier, the substrate texture shows through, and corrosion starts first at the thin places — usually the recesses nobody measured.
Too thick
The film becomes brittle and cracks at edges on impact, it can craze on a tight radius, and it consumes clearance at every mating feature. Thicker is not better; thicker is a different failure.
Uneven
The worst case: the average looks correct on the report while the recesses are under-built and the edges are over-built. Averaging hides exactly the two places that will fail.

For buyers working in mils rather than micrometers, the 60–120 µm band is roughly 2.4 to 4.7 mil, which is a normal industrial powder build and is not the same as a heavy-duty protective coating system.

Handheld dry film thickness gauge with its probe pressed onto a matte gray powder-coated steel panel, beside a set of coated color reference coupons
Measuring on a flat face, away from an edge, with the probe flat to the surface. The same reading taken on a folded edge or inside a corner would be a different number on the same part — which is why the specification has to say where, not only how much. The color coupons are the other half of the check: gloss and color are judged against a retained physical standard.

Powder Chemistry Against the Environment

Powder is a family of chemistries rather than one product, and the differences that matter to a buyer are ultraviolet stability, chemical resistance and how the finish behaves on a radius. A color choice without a chemistry choice is half a specification.

SystemStrengthWeaknessWhere it is the right answer
EpoxyThe best adhesion and chemical resistance of the common powdersChalks and fades under ultraviolet light; an exterior epoxy will look tired within a few seasonsIndoor equipment, chemical exposure, internal faces, parts that never see sun
PolyesterUltraviolet stability and color retention outdoorsLess chemical resistance than epoxy; some formulations are sensitive to over-cureOutdoor enclosures, exterior panels, anything with a warranty on appearance
Epoxy-polyester hybridGood flow and appearance, moderate cost, broad process windowNot an exterior system; ultraviolet performance is limitedGeneral indoor equipment, cabinets and covers where appearance matters more than weather
PolyurethaneAppearance and flexibility, good gloss retentionNarrower cure window; more sensitive to substrate and pretreatment qualityExterior parts that need a premium finish and a tight radius that must not crack
FluoropolymerLong-term exterior color and gloss retentionCost, and a demanding cure scheduleArchitectural and long-life exterior work where repainting is not an option

Two specification questions worth asking

Is a durability class being invoked? In the US market, exterior coating performance for architectural metal is commonly specified by AAMA class — 2603, 2604 and 2605 in increasing severity, with 2605 being the most demanding of the three. If your customer's specification cites one, it constrains the powder system rather than the part, and it should be quoted as a system requirement. It is not something to be claimed on a page without the corresponding test data.

Is the crosslinker restricted in your market? Many exterior polyester powders are crosslinked with TGIC, and some markets restrict or discourage it, which is why TGIC-free alternatives exist. If the destination market or the end customer has a substance restriction, say so at RFQ rather than after the powder is ordered — it is a substitution, not a coating parameter.

Four Failure Modes, and How to Tell Them Apart

Coating failures look similar in a photograph and are completely different in cause, which is why they get misdiagnosed. The useful thing to know is that three of the four are decided before the part reaches the booth.

FailureWhat it looks likeRoot causeWhere it was preventable
Adhesion loss and under-film corrosionCoating lifts in sheets or flakes from an edge or a scratch, often with rust already spread beneath it and a clean metal surface underneathContaminant under the phosphate, a phosphate too thin to do its job, or an under-cured film that never developed its adhesionPretreatment and cure — both process, neither visible on the finished part
Outgassing cratersSmall volcanoes with a bare or thin center and a raised ring of coating, often clustered near a weld, a casting skin or the gate area of a castingAir or moisture trapped in the substrate expanding suddenly at cure temperature and punching through the softening filmSubstrate choice and the cure ramp; thick or porous material may need a de-gas bake before coating
Edge and corner failureBare metal or a fine crack along a cut edge or a fold, visible after handling or a light impactA sharp edge or rolled burr that the film cannot cover evenly, and a film too brittle at that geometryDeburr and edge break at fabrication; film build and powder flexibility at specification
Color and gloss driftParts from one batch do not match a previous batch, or whites yellow and gloss drops on parts that look otherwise perfectDifferent powder lots, different film build on a textured powder, or a part that spent longer in the oven than the powder allowsLot reservation and cure records; a retained physical standard instead of a code alone

The three-second diagnosis

A crater has a thin or bare center and a raised rim, and the rim is coating, not rust. A blister from under-film corrosion has no raised rim of its own and almost always originates at an edge, a scribe or a fixing hole where moisture entered. A chip from impact has a fracture edge with the coating still at full thickness around it and no rust underneath, because it happened recently. Those three observations separate a substrate problem, a pretreatment problem and a handling problem, which is the difference between fixing the process and re-coating the same bad part.

What Powder Coating Cannot Do

The limits are worth stating plainly, because a supplier who claims the opposite will be found out on the first project where it matters.

  • It does not fill or hide anything. At 60–120 µm the film follows the substrate. A scratch, a grinding swirl, a weld ripple and a laser striation all remain visible, softened but present. Surface quality has to be produced at fabrication, not bought at the booth.
  • It is not a tolerance process. You cannot hold a close dimensional tolerance through a coating operation, because the film is not uniform and its local value is not known until it is measured. Anything that needs a tight fit across a coated face has to be masked, allocated for, or machined afterwards.
  • It is an insulator. A powder film is a dielectric. Anywhere electrical continuity is required — a grounding stud, an earth boss, an EMI gasket land, a bonding point between two coated panels — the coating must be omitted or removed, and a coated joint is not a bonded joint.
  • It is not invisibly repairable. A touch-up stick or an aerosol never matches: the texture and gloss differ even when the color is close, and the repair is visible at an angle. A proper repair means stripping and re-coating, and stripping is not free — chemical or thermal removal changes the substrate surface and it has to be pretreated again.
  • It is not a substitute for a galvanized substrate in a severe environment. A powder film over cold-rolled steel, specified and built as a decorative and moderate-protection system, is not the same as a duplex system on galvanized steel. Where the environment is aggressive, the substrate and the system both change.
  • It cannot be applied over an assembly that will not survive the cure. Seals, gaskets, plastics, adhesives and electronics go on afterwards, and that decision changes the assembly sequence rather than the coating.
The most expensive assumption on this page: that a coated part can be dimensioned like an uncoated one and still fit. It usually can — most sheet metal clearances are generous — but "usually" is not a design method, and the features that fail are the small ones: a 3 mm hole taking a 3 mm pin, a lid rebate, a thread that must engage by its full length.

Masking, Threads and Contact Points

Masking is where a coating specification becomes a manufacturing instruction, and it is the part of a coating job that most often arrives incomplete. The masking schedule is a marked-up drawing: every feature that must remain bare is marked, and everything not marked gets coated.

FeatureWhy it has to stay bareHow it is usually protected
Threaded holes and studsA 60–120 µm film on a thread flank destroys the fit; a plugged hole loses the thread entirelySilicone push-in plugs and caps, or high-temperature tape on a stud
Grounding and bonding pointsThe coating is a dielectric, so a coated pad is not an electrical connectionTaped pad, later fitted with a star washer or a bonded stud
Precision bores and bearing seatsFilm consumes the interference and the bore is no longer roundCaps; where the tolerance is tight, the bore is machined after coating instead
Mating and split linesTwo coated faces touching bind, chip and show a bright line where they rubMask one side of the joint, or allocate clearance for both films
EMI gasket lands and shielding contactsThe gasket must contact bare metal to conductMasked land, or a masked land plus a conductive gasket
Hinge and latch interfacesFilm thickness changes the fit and the hinge stops closing to its designed positionMask the knuckle bore and the latch strike, coat the rest

Mask it, or cut the thread back afterwards

Mask the thread
The thread arrives clean with coating around it. Costs plugging labor, and the plug has to be pulled before cure — a plug left in through the oven is a plug bonded into the part by cured powder.
Chase the thread after coating
Cheaper and faster on high hole counts, and a tap cuts cleanly through a thin film. But it removes the coating from the thread flank and leaves bare steel at the root — acceptable indoors, a corrosion initiation site in a wet or coastal environment.

Two more masking facts that surprise buyers. First, the hook leaves a mark: the rack contacts bare metal by definition, so there is one small uncoated spot per hanging point. Put it where nobody will look — the inside of a return flange, a face that will be covered by another part — and put that decision on the drawing, because the painter will otherwise choose for you. Second, two-tone work is labor, not powder: masking a part for a second color is a manual operation on both passes, and it is one of the few finishing costs that scales with part complexity rather than with size.

Dimensioning a Part That Will Be Coated

The whole chapter can be reduced to one line on the drawing: are these dimensions before coating or after? Most sheet metal drawings are before coating, because that is how the part is fabricated and inspected at the bench. That is fine, provided every dimension that has to be correct after coating is identified and dealt with.

FeatureWhat the film does to itThe three available answers
A hole that takes a pin or a fastenerThe bore closes by roughly two film thicknesses, and not evenly around the circumferenceMask the bore; open the pre-coat hole by the expected film; or drill after coating
A thread that must engage fullyFilm on the flank reduces engagement and increases assembly torqueMask, or chase the thread (with the corrosion trade-off above)
A boss or a lid that seats in a rebateFilm on both mating surfaces closes the gap by the sum of two filmsAllocate clearance for two films, or mask one face
A flat sealing face with a gasketFilm thickness variation becomes gasket compression variationMask the land, or specify the flatness of the coated face and accept it
A butt joint between two coated panelsThe visible gap closes and the panels touch, chipping at the seamDesign a gap wider than two maximum films, or mask the visible edge of one panel

Where a dimension has to survive coating, allocate from the top of the specified build rather than from the nominal, because the local film on the face in question may be anywhere in the range — and on an edge or a tight outside radius, above it. There is no single allowance that can be quoted from a table: the film on a given face depends on geometry, rack position and gun angle, which is exactly why the film build specification has to state where it is measured, and why masking is often cheaper than arithmetic.

Send the mating part, not only the coated part. A coated bracket mated to a machined block, a coated panel closing onto a frame, a coated cover over a bearing housing — the interference or clearance that matters is between the coated surface and the uncoated one. Seeing both is what allows the masking schedule to be drawn once instead of discovered at assembly.

Inspection, and What Salt Spray Hours Do Not Prove

What gets inspected on a coated part should be the short list that the specification actually named. The four checks below cover most industrial sheet metal work; each one is only meaningful with its method and its acceptance criterion attached.

CheckMethodWhat it proves — and what it does not
Dry film thicknessNon-destructive magnetic or eddy-current gauge, readings on flat faces away from edges, following ASTM D7091Proves the film reached the specified build where it was measured. Does not prove coverage inside recesses, on edges, or on the faces nobody gauged
AdhesionCross-cut or tape test to ASTM D3359, or cross-cut classification to ISO 2409 — they are different systems with different rating scales and cannot be quoted interchangeablyProves the bond to the substrate at the test location. Does not predict long-term performance under a chemical or a thermal load
AppearanceVisual against a retained physical standard, plus gloss meter at the agreed angle and a color reading where specifiedProves batch-to-batch consistency against that standard. Does not prove a match to a code that was never converted into a physical standard
Corrosion resistanceSalt spray to ASTM B117 or neutral salt spray to ISO 9227, where the project requires itProves a comparative result under one accelerated condition. Does not prove service life, and does not transfer to a different environment

Why a salt spray hour count is a weak claim

Three reasons, all of them ordinary practice rather than pedantry. First, ASTM B117 and ISO 9227 are test methods: they define the apparatus and the procedure, and they deliberately do not define how many hours a coating must survive, because that depends on the system and the application. Second, the number of hours does not convert into years of service — an accelerated chamber compresses some mechanisms and distorts others, and a part that passes a long test can still fail in a real environment with a different chemistry. Third, and least often mentioned, the meaningful measurement on a scribed panel is the corrosion creep distance from the scribe, not the percentage of red rust on the face. A report that gives hours and a rust percentage without a scribe creep allowance is not reporting the thing that matters.

So a defensible statement reads: tested to this standard, for this many hours, scribed / unscribed, with this creep allowance, on this substrate and pretreatment. Anything shorter is a marketing number.

Documents a coated batch can carry

DocumentWhat it recordsWhen it is issued
Material certificateSubstrate grade and heat or lotPer batch, against the drawing
Coating recordPowder product and lot, color reference, cure temperature and timePer batch, so a color or cure question can be traced later
Film thickness reportReadings with locations, minimum, maximum and meanPer batch or per sampling plan
Adhesion resultMethod, rating, and the sample usedFirst article and periodic audit
Dimensional reportCritical dimensions after coating, against the drawingFirst article and per sampling plan
Retained color standardA coated panel of the approved color, gloss and texture, kept by both partiesAt approval, and re-made only when the powder lot changes
Packaging recordInterleaving and protection used for the shipmentPer shipment
What we will not put on a report. A corrosion lifetime, a weatherability guarantee, or a salt-spray duration presented as equivalent to years outdoors. We can report the test that was run, on the parts that were run, to the standard named. Turning that into a service-life promise would be a claim the data does not support, and it is the claim a buyer is most likely to rely on.

What We Fabricate and Coat

The parts below are the shapes that come through this route most often. What they have in common is a coated face that someone will look at or touch, and a set of features behind it that must not be coated.

Enclosures

Industrial Equipment Enclosures

Folded and welded housings in 1.5–2.5 mm CRS or aluminum. Coated inside and out where the interior is visible on opening, exterior only where it is not — and the flatness of the door face is the feature that shows every fabrication mark.

Electrical

Electrical Control Cabinets

Body and door fabricated as separate assemblies so they can be coated and then hung. Earth studs, gland plate openings and hinge bores are masked; the gasket channel is coated so the gasket seats on a sealed surface rather than on bare steel.

Structure

Chassis and Cabinet Frames

Multi-piece welded structures with internal rails and mounting patterns. Usually coated as a complete assembly, which means the rack has to carry the whole frame and the masking has to cover every rail thread in one pass.

Panels

Metal Panels and Front Plates

1.0–2.0 mm sheet with a class-A face. The single most common defect on a flat coated panel is not the coating: it is a grinding swirl or a laser striation that the film faithfully reproduces.

Fixings

Brackets and Mounting Plates

Laser-cut, bent, often with a welded nut or a PEM insert. Threads plugged before coating; where the thread is chased afterwards instead, that decision is recorded so the corrosion trade-off is a known one.

Welded

Welded Frames and Skids

Tube, angle and sheet gussets welded into a rigid frame. Weld dressing level is agreed per face: a dressed-but-visible weld on a structural face, a blended seam on a visible one.

Safety

Machine Guards and Perforated Covers

Mesh, expanded metal or perforated sheet in a frame. The open area is where film over-build happens first, because the field concentrates on every strand — guard openings close up if the build runs away.

Covers

Covers, Cowlings and Fascia

Thin gauge over a large flat area, which is the hardest combination to coat invisibly: any oil can, any wave in the sheet and any tool mark reads as a highlight under a satin film. These are quoted with the surface requirement stated.

Capability for the fabrication steps behind these parts — fiber laser cutting, press brake forming, turret punching, TIG and MIG welding, hardware insertion — sits on the sheet metal fabrication services page, and the stainless variant of the same work is covered under stainless steel sheet metal enclosures. Substrate properties are in the materials guide.

What Drives the Cost of a Coated Part

Coating cost is often quoted as a rate per square meter, which is a reasonable starting point and a poor predictor. The drivers below are the ones that move a real quotation.

DriverWhy it moves the priceWhere there is room to trade
Part size against rack capacityA large part occupies a rack position that could hold several small ones, so labor per part is nearly constant while output per hook is notSplit a large assembly into coated sub-parts only where the split is not visible after assembly
Masking countEvery plug and tape strip is applied and removed by hand, twice per part in the case of a two-tone jobReduce hole count, or accept chasing a thread instead of plugging it
Pretreatment classDescaling, blasting or a de-gas bake adds a step before the lineSpecify hot-rolled only where its thickness is needed; cold-rolled usually needs less pretreatment
Powder systemStandard polyester and epoxy are commodity; a special-effect, fluoropolymer or TGIC-free exterior system is notReserve premium systems for the faces that will actually see weather
Color changes and batch sizeA booth cleaned down for a short run of a special color pays for the changeover in that runConsolidate colors across a program, or accept a standard stock color
Rework riskStripping and re-coating a cured part costs more than coating it, and stripping changes the substrateComplete the masking schedule and the finish standard before the first part is cut — the cheapest rework is the one designed out
Inspection scopeFilm thickness per batch is fast; adhesion and salt spray are sample-based and slowerMatch test frequency to the risk, and put it in the quality agreement rather than per order
The one cost that is not on any quotation: a coated part that fails at the customer because a thread was not plugged, or a grounding pad was painted over, costs a replacement shipment, a line stop and an argument about whose drawing was wrong. That is why the masking schedule is worth an hour of engineering time at RFQ.

What to Send With a Coated Sheet Metal RFQ

The fabrication data gets you a manufacturing price. The finishing data gets you a finish that can be inspected — and both come out of the same RFQ if the RFQ is written once.

Send thisWhy it changes the quote or the process
3D model and a dimensioned 2D drawingGeometry from the model, tolerances and finish notes from the drawing
Substrate and thickness per partSets the pretreatment class and whether descaling is needed
Fabrication notes: weld dressing level, edge break, visible facesThese are the operations that decide whether the coating can look right
Powder system, or the environment it must surviveIndoor, outdoor, chemical, coastal — the chemistry follows from it
Color reference and a physical standard or approved sampleA code alone cannot be inspected; a retained panel can
Gloss target and textureMatte, satin or gloss, and smooth versus textured, change both the look and the film behavior on edges
Film build with the measurement locationWithout a location the range cannot be checked
Masking schedule — a marked-up drawingThe single most useful finishing document, and the one most often missing
Which features are functional after coatingHoles, threads, mating faces and grounding pads that must work as coated
Required standards and test scopeFilm thickness, adhesion, salt spray — named, with acceptance criteria
Quantity and call-off patternColor changes and rack setup are amortized across the run, not the order line
Whether assembly, hardware or packaging follows coatingDetermines curing and handling, and what has to be protected before shipment
The existing part, if this is a replacementWhere the old coating failed — chipped edges, craters, peeling from a scratch — usually identifies the fix in one line
On timing: finishing sits late in the route, so it is rarely the step that can be compressed. Laser and forming work typically runs in days; a welded and coated assembly carries the welding, the pretreatment line and the cure on top of that, and a new substrate-and-finish pairing adds a trial before production. If a delivery date is fixed, say so with the RFQ — it changes the sequence, not just the price.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is powder coating and how does it differ from wet paint?
Powder coating is a dry finish: a finely ground polymer is charged electrostatically, sprayed onto a grounded metal part, and then melted and crosslinked in an oven into a continuous film. Wet paint carries the resin in a solvent or water, which has to evaporate before the film forms. The practical differences are that powder produces a thicker film in one coat, has no solvent to flash off, and gives a harder and more impact-resistant surface, while a liquid system is easier to touch up and can be applied in a thinner film.
Can you powder coat welded sheet metal assemblies?
Yes, and welded assemblies are the normal case. Two things have to be settled first: the level of weld dressing on each face, because the coating reproduces the weld rather than hiding it, and whether any weld has porosity, because trapped air expands during cure and blows small craters through the film. Weld spatter should be removed before dressing rather than after, and the assembly has to be designed so that the whole frame can be hung on a rack.
What film thickness should I specify?
For industrial sheet metal work a dry film build in the region of 60 to 120 micrometers covers most parts, but the number matters less than where it is measured. Specify a range together with a measurement location, for example on flat faces at least 10 mm from any edge, several readings per face, reported as minimum, maximum and mean. Without a location the range cannot be checked, because the film is deliberately thicker on edges and corners and thinner inside recesses.
How thick is powder coating in mils?
The 60 to 120 micrometer band is roughly 2.4 to 4.7 mil, which is a standard industrial powder build. It is not a heavy-duty protective system: a coating intended for severe corrosion service is a different system on a different substrate, not the same system applied thicker. Applying more powder to a standard system makes the film brittle and it chips at edges instead of performing better.
Which powder is best for outdoor parts?
A polyester or a polyurethane system, because both are formulated for ultraviolet exposure; an epoxy powder has better chemical resistance but chalks and fades in sunlight and should not be used on an exterior face. If the customer specification cites an architectural durability class such as AAMA 2603, 2604 or 2605, that class constrains the powder system and should be quoted as a system requirement rather than assumed.
Can you powder coat stainless steel?
It can be done, but it is treated as a new substrate-and-finish pairing rather than a standard line. The passive surface of stainless is smooth and chemically stable, so it gives the powder little to grip and the surface needs a mechanical key from blasting or abrasion before coating, with adhesion verified on a sample. Where a project needs coated stainless, we run a trial on sample parts before production, which adds time to the schedule.
How do you protect threads and grounding points during coating?
They are masked before spraying, using silicone plugs and caps for threaded holes, bores and studs, and high-temperature tape for flat pads. The masking schedule is a marked-up drawing that shows every feature that must stay bare metal. The alternative for threads is to chase them with a tap after coating, which is faster and cheaper on high hole counts but removes the film from the thread flank and exposes bare steel at the root, so it suits indoor parts better than wet or coastal ones.
Does powder coating change the part dimensions?
Yes, by the film thickness on each coated face, and the effect is not perfectly uniform because the film varies with geometry. Most sheet metal clearances absorb it without difficulty. The features that do not are the small ones: a hole that takes a pin of the same nominal size, a lid that seats in a rebate, a thread that has to engage its full length, and a butt joint between two coated panels. Those are handled by masking, by opening the pre-coat dimension, or by machining after coating.
How do you check powder coating quality?
Four checks cover most industrial work: dry film thickness with a non-destructive gauge on flat faces away from edges, adhesion by cross-cut or tape test, appearance against a retained physical standard with gloss measured at an agreed angle, and corrosion testing to a named standard where the project requires it. Each check is only meaningful with its method and acceptance criterion attached, so the specification should name them rather than referring to the finish by name alone.
What do salt spray hours actually prove?
They prove that a specific coated panel survived a specific accelerated test for a specific number of hours. They do not prove service life, and hours do not convert into years, because the chamber compresses some corrosion mechanisms and distorts others. On a scribed panel the meaningful measurement is the corrosion creep distance from the scribe rather than the percentage of red rust on the face. A defensible claim names the standard, the hours, whether the panel was scribed, and the creep allowance.
Can I get a color match to a RAL number?
A RAL number is a color reference, not a tolerance, and the same code from two different powder lots is not necessarily identical. For a program where parts must match across batches, approve a physical standard first: a coated panel of the actual powder, gloss and texture, retained by both sides and used to judge every later batch. Where a color is a brand-critical match, send the sample you are matching rather than only the code. For very small quantities, note that a special color carries a booth changeover in that run.
What information do you need to quote powder-coated sheet metal parts?
The drawing and 3D model, the substrate and thickness, the weld dressing and edge requirements, the powder system or the environment the part must survive, the color reference with a physical standard, gloss and texture, the film build with its measurement location, a marked-up masking schedule, the features that must function after coating, the test scope and acceptance criteria, the quantity and call-off pattern, and whether assembly or packaging follows. If the part replaces an existing one, tell us how the old coating failed.

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